SOCIAL INCLUSION AND EXCLUTION

I am Neema Wellu Nsallu ,MSc.CED student (2007-2009) I would like to share with others about the importance of Social inclusion in community participation, while in opposite the defect of social exclusion in community participation.
Practically strategies to affect partnerships, union initiatives and strategies are formed on the basis of local groups complementing, not replacing one another. In any community project sustainability or regeneration is equally as important as the outcome in relation to social exclusion. Social inclusion will be aided by the creation and / or use of social capital, in particular networks. This reflects the acceptance of a relationship between the concepts of social capital and social exclusion and in communities. The impact of partnership on combating social and economic problems is crucial in local areas. The partnership projects develop a wide range of social inclusion in areas of training and employment, community schemes and community facilities.

How social exclusion can be tackled Global perspective
Social inclusion refers to the action that can be taken to address the problems of social exclusion. Social inclusion is about taking multiple deprivations, creating legal, regulatory and policy frameworks that promote social inclusion. Ensuring that socially excluded groups benefit from public expenditure as much as other groups; Improving economic opportunities and access to services for excluded groups; Promoting their political participation in society, and their capacity to organize and mobilize themselves
increasing accountability to protect citizens’ basic human rights; and tackling prejudice and changing behavior.

Social exclusion facilitates discrimination
Social discrimination describes a process by which certain groups are systematically disadvantaged because they are discriminated against on the basis of their Ethnicity, race, religion, sexual orientation, caste, descent, gender, age, disability, HIV status, migrant status or where they live. Men, women and children who are discriminated against often end up excluded from society, the economy and political participation. They are more likely to be denied access to income, assets and services. Discrimination occurs in public institutions, such as the legal system or education and health services, as well as social institutions like the household. To be socially excluded is to be deprived from social recognition and social value as some people are more subject to such exclusion than others. People need the opportunity to participate fully in the life of their community if are flourish and realize their potentials. For example in the developing countries many women and girls are socially excluded in education, lack the working opportunities. People living with HIV/AIDS are stigmatized due to the HIV status; the people with disabilities are excluded from normal Education secular curricula due to lack of devices, facilities and inadequate teacher for special education. Other groups are migrant status, religion, sexual orientation, social status or where they live. The groups affected and the degree of discrimination varies from one society to another, as do the forms that social exclusion takes.

Causes and groups affected by social exclusion.
Social exclusion can be due to lack of awareness of their needs, by social attitudes, or when minority groups are excluded by language barriers, disadvantage on the basis not of who you are but where you live, and known as spatial exclusion. People who live in remote and isolated areas may be prevented from fully participating in national economic and social life due lack of electricity and water, infrastructure, modern agriculture tools, inadequate of health and education facilities. Example in rural area the only non- familial social outlet for girls is attending school (Brady et al, 2007) in some tribes in Tanzania such as Masai and Barabeigs. Girls have to wait for marriage or should remain home as baby sitters.

The effect of Social exclusion toward poverty persistence
Social exclusion causes the poverty of particular people, leading to higher rates of poverty among affected groups. The marginalized people such as women, children are most infected with the poverty especially in rural areas, where 80% of Tanzania citizen are living, with inadequate of water supply, and other social services. Social exclusion reduces the productive capacity in all sectors and rate of decreases the efforts of poverty reduction of a society as a whole. In other word social exclusion causes poverty in our communities. Social exclusion leads to conflict and insecurity in the form of gang violence, copra punishment to the children, family and work violence to the women and poor people, other examples are the north-south conflict in Sudan; conflict between Hindus and Muslims in India, or between ethnic groups in Burundi, Rwanda and Kosovo; the separatist movement in Indonesia; and the sectarian violence in Northern Ireland.
Social exclusion makes it harder to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. In Tanzania, households with disabled members are 20% more likely to be living in poverty. Women account for nearly 70% of the 1.2 billion people currently living in extreme poverty. In Bolivia, the poverty rate among the non-white population is 37%, compared with 17% for the white population. In Serbia and Montenegro, 30% of Roma children have never attended primary school. A study in Namibia found 44% of widows lost cattle, 28% lost small livestock, and 41% lost farm equipment in disputes with their in-laws after their husbands died. Globally, 16-50% of women in steady relationships have been physically assaulted by their partners. In Guatemala, 87% of children of European descent are vaccinated against measles, compared with 70% in the indigenous population. In Africa, 80% of 15-19-year-olds living with HIV and AIDS are women. The effect of HIV/AIDS in our communities is crucial including the economic deterioration.

A case study of the United Republic of Tanzania
Gender inequality facilitates social exclusion and hence decreases the effort of fight against poverty. Any development strategy should involve both men and women, excluding women, who contributes 80% of Agriculture productivity will reduce the efforts of poverty reduction. The United republic of Tanzania tried in the past to set specific programmes of helping youth and women’s by giving them soft loans. The programme was not successful because the youth and women were not able to repay the loans. This may be due to lack of entrepreneurial skills among youth and women. Now we have another programme where money are put into banks and youth and women can go and borrow. Many youth and women are complaining that it is not easy to get loan from the banks since you have to fulfill some conditions before receiving the loans. However most people have decided to join with saving and Credit Cooperatives so as to get loans since the terms are easy.

Social exclusion on HIV/AIDS Interventions
In early 1980’s there was a high discussion in the Ministry of Education and vocational trainings, about at what age the students should be educated about HIV/AIDS and other STIs. So children and youth were totally excluded from the HIV/AIDS education with worries that they may start sexual activities in early age. Unfortunately the statistics indicated that HIV/AIDS highly affects Tanzania youths, particularly young adult aged 15 to 24 accounts for 60% of new infection, while comprising only 20% of the population. Girls are particularly vulnerable for both biological and social reasons. More than 10 percent of sexually active girls granting sexual favors in an effort to meet their basic daily needs. Between 1990 and 2010, AIDS is expected to increase the death rate in Tanzania by more than one – half and life expectancy will drop from 65 years to 37 years during that time due to the effects of HIV/AIDS. The already high infant mortality rate is expected to increase as well. According to UNAIDS, 50,000 to 60,000 Tanzania children are born HIV positive every years.( Tanzania HIV/AIDS indicator Survey, 2003-2004)
In the most vulnerable population, including youth’s women, children, also the urban sex workers and their clients and persons with sexually transmitted diseases. Therefore all education levels should be taught about the pandemic with exceptional different contents and methodology.

Orphans Group and vulnerable children
Orphans resulting from the death of both parents due to HIV/ AIDS. One study in Tanzania reveals that one-third of youths who are 10-14 years old live in household headed by someone other than a parent. Around half of adolescents 10-14 years old in Tanzania live with parents and almost one-quarter live with neither parent. The adolescents living with one parent are approximately twice as likely to those live only with their mother as with only their father and about one fifth of adolescent’s ages 10-19 live in female headed households. The group should not be excluded in all the projects conducted by the local Government, Civil Societies and NGO’s from planning stage, implementation and Evaluation.

Women involvement in poverty reduction strategies
The Tanzania economic dependent on agriculture, which comprises 45 percent of GDP, 75 percent of exports, and 80 percent of employment Industry and services represent respectively, 17 percent and 38 percent of GDP. Agriculture is an important source of employment for 84 percent of economically active women and 80 percent of economically active men. The structural roles of men and women in agriculture cycle reveals that women are more active in agriculture than men, specifically in food crop production, marketing and processing of agricultural products (90%).( Tanzania strategic gender assessment, 2004) Most of women both in urban and rural area have involved themselves in small business to rise the household economic.. This directly and indirectly generates jobs and income (A framework for measuring the progress of developing local communities, 1997)


MY OWN DISCUSION
The Government policies can exacerbate social exclusion, they can reduce it , religious and other civil societies and NGOs also should also should play a good role to reduce social exclusion by increasing accountability and demanding that citizen are protected by rule of law. The development partners or Donor community also can not be selective or should ensure that the community projects should facilitate social inclusion and reduce social exclusion. All human being are equal and should be treated equally regardless their position, race, education, age or ethnic groups.

CONCLUSION
Social Inclusion is an important tool in any development strategy or any poverty reduction strategy. The community members can be facilitated by stressing the tangible benefit to be gained, commitment or obligation toward improving community, the community members should be provided better knowledge for satisfactory results.

Social exclusion is often a cause of poverty, conflict and insecurity. If we are to tackle it effectively, we need to recognize where it is a problem, understand it better and, where appropriate, find different ways of working with partner governments, the international community and civil society organizations to overcome it. Tanzania is tackling the issue of social exclusion.