CIVIL SOCIETIES AND NGOs JOURNAL

COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAM
ICD 533 PRINCIPLES & PRACTICLES OF DEVELOPMENT
JAN ASSIGNMENT
RESEARCH PAPER


CIVIL SOCIETIES
&
NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS



TUTOR’S NAME: DR SINDA HUSSEN SINDA
STUDENT’S NAME: NEEMA WELLU NSALLU (ID No 728177).
DSM class (attended in Arusha)









LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AIDS ---------------------------Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
CED-----------------------------Community Economic Development
CSO-----------------------------Civil Society Organization
FBOs----------------------------Faith Based Organizations
GOT----------------------------Government of Tanzania
HIV------------------------------Human Immunodeficiency Virus
MOH----------------------------Ministry of Health
NGOs---------------------------Non Governmental Organization
NUTA --------------------------National Union of Tanzania Workers
PMTCT-------------------------Prevention Of Mother To Child Transmission of HIV
PLWAS------------------------People Living with HIV/AIDS
UK------------------------------United Kingdom
UNRISD-----------------------United National Research Institute for Social Development
RFE-----------------------------Rapid Envelop Funds.

Questions
Selection of topic from the list of topics, the research was conducted on civil society and Non- Government Organization to write an academic paper. The discussion based on the how the Civil Societies and NGO’s influenced the field of CED in developing Countries and developing Regions. The discussion of Civil Societies and NGO’s on how participate and it’s impact on Economic development of regions, the evaluation report of the country of my choice.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
This paper is comprised of the overview of Civil Societies and Non Governmental Organization in the context of analyzing its importance in Community Development Economic Development (CED). The contribution of civil societies towards the Global strategies on Poverty reduction. The paper comprises the Theoretical Literature review, the Empirical Literature Review, Policy review my discussion/ perception and conclusion.

2.0 THEORETICAL LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Definition of Civil Society
Descriptive, functional and normative definitions, there is diversity in assertion of Civil society arise from its mix of descriptive and normative contents. (Anheier et al, 2001). Civil society as an empirical category becomes a label for the sum of organizations that are generally deferent from the state. The Axel Honneth’s (2000) definition, civil society is that all civil institutions and organizations which are prior to the state (Chandhoke, 2002). The descriptive definition acknowledges the reality of civil society, and sometimes includes organizations that do not necessarily perform the social function that they are supposed to. United Kingdom (UK) defines civil society in practical terms as NGO.s. Culture relativists argue that NGOs imply the principles of voluntary and formal associations. (Kaldor, 2002). Functional definitions of civil society defined civil societies as a set of rules or functions that are different from other societal spaces. (Putman, et al 1999). Social capital is described to community volunteerism selflessness and public or civil spirit, civil implies a Normative Behavior of these organizations altruistic, developmental and democratic. (Laver and Halpern, 2000).

2.2 Global Perception on Civil Society
The 1990’s United Nation saw the development of unprecedented link between Global Civil Society and International conferences. The United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) project explored the interactions between civil society and the International system of governance. The project evaluated the impact of various United Nations summits on civil society at local, National and Global levels. Under this project, UNRISD has commissioned research to several countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The results showed that Civil Society viewed by many international organizations as a valuable partner for development and poverty reduction. Thus the UN system encouraged the participation of Civil Society in local, National and Global Conferences. (United Nation Program, 2003)

2.3 United Nations International Conference CSO involvement
Traditionally within the UN system, civil society has been present mainly during operational at national or global level, civil society has gained an advocacy role that shapes in participation in consultations as the legitimate “Voice of unrepresented population” to the UN forum and governmental decisions. Civil Society generally acts as a source of expert information, consultation and as stakeholder of decision – making processes. As the result at the UN level there has been the unprecedented growth of transnational links between civil actions. The advocacy efforts strengthened in the 1970s (Clark, 1991) and evolved during the 1980’s (Clark, 1992) where they were intertwined with participation at major conferences such as UN (Anderson, J. 2000)The international conferences provides Civil Society with the opportunity to participate in Global governance to address global problems.




2.4 Civil Society and the market
The recent development in Global civil society finds the important evidence that there is increase of corporate facets to global civil society. NGOs have been adopting corporate strategies and are currently more open to partnership with businesses, while the business sector is incurring into local and global civil society spaces by means of, for example, social responsibility programmes (Anheier et al. 2003). Furthermore global civil society cannot survive without money and monetary exchange or without the market forces unleashed by globalization (Keane, 2001) with the increasing links between these two spheres the conceptual boundaries useful as idea types become blurred when applied to reality. The UN has taken different approaches to relation with civil society and market forces. The former United Union General Secretary Kofi Annan asserted “When I speak about civil society I don’t mean only Non- Governmental Organization, though they are a very important part of it. I also mean Universities, Foundations, Labor union and Private Corporation” (Zadek, 2004, 6)

2.5 The role of associations, civil society and media in addressing corruption.
Corruption in varying degrees is a global issue. All countries deal with issue in some form, but those that exhibit the political will to alleviate it are reaping rewards in the Global economy (McCord, M. 2001).The private sectors responsibility is to combat corruption. These include corporate governance and business ethics, while media must demand accountability for those who don/t follow the rule. The private sectors can establish fair and transparent practices as the way of doing business Therefore the transparent and accountability should not be the exceptional to private sectors but a rule. The business associations play a key role in serving as information sources for Government, media, and public at large. The Association has access to volumes of information on the affect that corrupt has on society as a whole, as they can use this information to become a resource in Government instead of an adversary.




2.6 Civil Society case study on Economic Development
CED implementation a program to eradicate corruption from the Slovak Republic and private sectors through a clean hands program based upon seminars, advocacy and research. CED analyzed the level of corruption by administering a survey to local entrepreneurs and business leaders. Based on the survey’s results CED organized a series and articles of advocacy programs to educate the business community on negative impacts of corruption. The response of the Government developed and introduced the new policy recommendations in the areas of public procurement and auditing of licenses. CED’s study on the linkages between tax rates, corruption and the growth of the hidden (Informal) economy has caused the political leadership in Solvakia to take another look at how rules and taxes are administered.( Slovak Economic sheet, 2000)
Therefore the role that the civil society/ associations play in fight against corruption is an important one. Association can provide information by creation an inventory of legal barriers and duplicative regulations; they can disseminate this information to Government and the media as well as their members; through their advocacy actions they can create accountability; and they can continue to push for market reforms that will make corruption both unnecessary and undesirable. After all, to reduce corruption, countries must reduce the reasons it occurs in the first place, poverty, lack of transparency and commitment to market reforms. (McCord, M. 2000)

2.7 Faith- Based Organizations as one of civil society
Faith –based organization includes the Churches, synagogues, mosques and other religions organizations. The faith based organizations are of three types, congregations, national networks, which include national denominations, their social service arms for example, Catholic Charities, Lutheran Social Services and networks of related organization (such as YMCA and YWCA and freestanding religious organizations which are incorporated separately from congregations and national networks. Play a greater role in strengthening communities such as building schools, healthy centers and Hospitals, and other social services.( IDR Faith- Based Organizations paper, August 2001)


2.8 Social Services in community Development
The role of faith- based organizations in community development is crucial, is asset building which also covers the centers around housing and community economic development but also includes developmental efforts, such as job training, to prepare residents for more productive lives. Recently, there has greater recognition and value given to the contributions of faith- based organizations (FBOs) in providing Social or Human services. FBO have been particularly prominent in providing food, clothing and shelter to people in need. (Thompson, I. 2001) Faith- based organization have also face some challenges such as lack of skills, knowledge and time required to develop successfully community development projects.
Therefore Faith- based organizations are engaged in a wide variety of activities beyond worship, most of which provide services and immediate benefits to needy individuals and families. More than half of all congregations participate. (Wolbert (1997). The approach they take most frequently is to support with donations and volunteer labor services delivery conducted by other types of organization (Wolbert (1997)


3.0 EMPERICAL THEORETICAL REVIEW
3.1 Civil Society and NGOs in Tanzania
The United Republic of Tanzania has an Act to provide registration of the Non- Governmental Organization. The Act also provides views on the regular NGOs activities, financial matters and other related matters. The Act created by the Parliament of the United Republic of Tanzania. The Act may be cited as the Non- Governmental Organization Act 2002 and shall into operation on such date as the Minister may, by notice published in the Gazette appoint (NGOs Act 2002 Document) The aim of this presentation is to review NGOs Act to explore the weakness and strength of the Act.

3.2 Background of Civil society and NGOs in Tanzania
The freedom of association in Tanzania, implications for civil society and sustainable development (McHale R; 1997): this freedom enables people who share similar interests to come together and form organization that represents their interest and views: for example, political parties, trade unions, co-operations, and other NGOs and civil society organizations. The implications for civil society and NGOs as well as their efforts to promote development, social equity, and environmental management are clear. They were legislation-the societies Act ordinance of 1954. Allowed the NGOs to register to become legal organizations to operate in the country and required the NGOs to furnish the register with audited financial dealings. The main problems facing. (Lawyers’ environmental former legislation the society ordinance, 1954)
The NGOs are lack of transparent, accountability and financial management and control. Action team 2001). There was a need to review the came up with ACT 2002. in December parliament passed a law to regulate the activities of NGOs.(Lawyers Environmental Action Team. 2007). Since then the NGOs Act was amended and signed by the former President of United Republic of Tanzania, Benjamin William Mkapa on 24th June 2005, It was enacted by the Parliament and was cited as the Written Laws (Miscellaneous Amendment (No 2) Act 2005. The written Laws specified in various parts of Act were amended in the manner specified in each of the relevant parts (An Act to amend certain written law, 2005)

3.3 Non Governmental in Tanzania
Non-governmental organization also known by acronym as NGO means a voluntary grouping of individuals or organizations which is autonomous, non-partisan, non-profit sharing. NGOs Organized at the local national or International level for the purpose of enhancing or promoting economic, environmental, social or cultural development or protecting the environment, lobbying or allocating on such issues. Also established under the auspices of any religious or faith, propagating organization, trade unison sports club, polluted party, religious or facet organization, or community based organization but does not include a trade union, social club, a religious or facet propagating organization or community based organization.

3.4 NGO Act 2002 and financial management
An Act No. 24 of 2002 was provided of Non- Governmental Organization with a view to coordinate and regulates activities of Non-Governmental Organizations and to provide for related matters. This was enacted by the Parliament of the United Republic of Tanzania. In many NGOs financial management is given a law priority. This is often characterized by poor financial planning and monitoring system. But NGOs operate in a rapidly changing and competitive world. If their organizational are to survive in this challenging environment, managers need to develop the necessary understanding and confidence to made full use of financial management tools. Good practice in financial management, help managers to make effective and efficient use of resources to achieve objectives and fulfill commitments to stakeholders. Help NGOs to be more accountable to donors and other stakeholders, gain the respect and confidence of funding agencies, partners and beneficiaries. The Financial management gives the NGOs the advantage in competition for increasingly scarce resources. it help NGOs prepare themselves for long-term financial sustainability.

3.5 Relation of CO and NGOs in Tanzania, to CED
Participation of public (Government) private (Business) and civil society organization is essential to the success of CED efforts. Faith- based organizational participation provides the community with a wide rage of resources and knowledge. It depoliticizes CED projects, thus allowing for their long- term sustainability. The increased it resources and sustainability holsters the confidence of potential investors, thereby increasing the attractiveness of the community to businesses. In Tanzania the public sectors consist of publicly supported government units. This sector includes Municipal government, Local representatives of national governments (i.e. agricultural extension offices or public health clinics and schools and universities operated by their representatives, it includes individual commercial; business ranging from one person vendors in large corporations, Banks and lastly chambers of commence and other business support organization. All these organizations supports the initiatives of CED to enhance Poverty reduction.

3.6 Citizen Participation in CED
There is a training module for CED which can be applied by the civil society and other NGOs. The module aid for coordinating the public, private and community Sectors is commonly applied by the development officers who work in a community which have several CO and NGO’s who conduct different projects in the same community. All COs and NGOs required fully participation of the community members. (Citizen Participation). Citizen Participation is critical factor in successful community economic development (CED). The materials and experimental activities in the module clearly show importance of individual and the group participation in CED. A number of specific techniques are described that can increase and maintain citizens’ participation. (Peace Corps Volunteer, 2003) in providing participation. The outcome of participation is that it provides the opportunity of the community to be involved from the planning to evaluation stage as in CED processes. The Volunteer could take to move community residents to a higher level of participation and identified the activities which the community members might undertake to improve the quality of life of their residents by creating new community wealth. The module provides the information on the society, government (public), Business (Private), and community (Civil Society) can participate in CED.

3.7 Participation as the key to achieve CED Goals
Participatory planning, monitoring and evaluation and participatory analysis are the development methods used in Tanzania to enhance rural community development. It was being provided in the 21st century. There is a good reason for this emphasis on participation. Participation by project stakeholders, including beneficiaries, increases the odds that the project will meet local needs, will be culturally acceptable will be able to mobilize adequate resources and will be long lived.
To achieve CED goals of improving the community economic situation and building community capacity requires the participation of individual residents, organization and institutions. The experience of CED implementers and development groups suggests that there is a significant correlation between the level and intensity of people’s engagement in a project and the impact of development activity. Also there is interaction of the civil society, NGO and Government. Therefore a CED Journey is a group tour. (Citizen Participation in CED, 2003)


3.8 The Freedom of Association in Tanzania
The implementation for civil society and sustainable Development (Ragemeleza Nshala).A cornerstone of democratic governance and constitutional liberation is the freedom of association. The freedom enables people who share similar interest to come together and association allows for the formation of political parties, trade unions cooperation and other non-governmental organizations. ( NGOs) and the Civil Society (CSOs). The freedom of association helps the citizens to monitor the state to ensure appropriate discharging of public functions and to demand the government compliance as articulated in legislation, in doing so, it helps to ensure transparency and accountability. The freedom enables individuals and organizations with different view on public policy to come together and develop a strategy to voice their positions to government and the public. Therefore the freedom of association anables the populace to be a participant in the day to day management of the country

3.9 The Implication for Civil Society and NGOs in Development
Tanzania Civil Society and NGOs aid to promote development, social equity and environmental management there is effective advocacy is dependant on an establishing environment that provides important rights, including the freedom of association, expression, and information. Without them civil society has little political space and few opportunities to hold government accountable. The freedom of civil organizations especially those with dissenting views and opposing positions. In 1964 the government banned independent trade union and formed the National Union of Tanzania Workers (NUTA) a state controlled trade union. They essentially outlawed strikes and the right to advocate for fair wages. In 1968, it passed a law curtailing the activities of Cooperative Unions. In 1976 it dealt a devastating blow to the cooperative union by outlawing them. In the absence of civil society organizations, the government enacted and pursues policies often through a Presidential Decree or administrative fiat-some of which had profound and negative impacts on the well-being of most Tanzanians. For example in 1973 – 1975 the state resettled about 80% of the population in Ujamaa villages which resulted in famine and drastic reduction of crop production. To date, Tanzania has not recovered from the aftermath of this policy.



3.10 NGOs and participation of women Development
The term NGO also an umbrella concept that covers a wide range of organizations with different backgrounds based on target beneficiaries, donors, areas of operational focus, principles, mission and overall development goals The role of Non- governmental organizations involved in the third world relief and development work has received increasing attention in recent years, to such an extent that some scholars (Nelson and Wright, 1995) has termed the 1980’s as the decade of NGOs’, In all these the participation of women in development activities is crucial. The result of the research conducted in Tanzania, examined with a focus on the experience and activities of selected development NGOs operating in various parts of Tanzanian in responding to a question on the responsibility of women in enhancing participation in the NGOs activities, generally the respondents said that women have to participate in development activities, increase majority understanding of their activities, women should educate themselves on the activities of NGO, and also to take the initiative, inactivate themselves and identify their problems in NGOs and lastly women should be motivated by giving priority to participate. The majority of the interviewed women in Tanzania were of opinion that there was a need to establish activities that were more direct and especially concerned with women conditions. For instance facilitating women with working tools, capital and credit facilities. Paul (1967)

3.11 The Nature of NGOs and donors relationship
There is too much pressure from donors to incorporate gender concerns in projects has resulted in many organizations (including NGOs) taking gender issues in a mechanism fashion. The gender issues are incorporated into many programmes only to meet a requirement for resource mobilization. This has not allowed organizations to let gender issues evolved in an organic manner as part of pursuing participatory processes. It has also led to resistance from many indigenous originations as gender is perceived to be an agenda from outside and regarded as being a women’ s issue. The study reveals that in order to ensure the availability of funds, there should be an involvement of donors
And other stakeholders in the processes of any NGO project design to ensure production of quality proposals that can be funded In some cases donors have demanded the inclusion of certain stakeholders in to the projects as a condition for funding; for instance working in partnership with districts whereby in some areas districts contribution to projects was difficult to be realize as agreed, thus hindering the effectiveness of the development activities. The findings also indicated that most donors are not willing to fund long-term projects and these cause NGOs to most of time adhere to the donor’s regulations by formulating short term projects, in order to mobilize funds which are sometimes counter productive.

3. 12 Debate on the role and functions of NGOs in Tanzania
There have been debates and discussions in Tanzania that have instigated the government of Tanzania to pass a bill in the parliament which means NGOs will be closely monitored by the government through provisions for registration, coordination and regulation by the Board. The bill also provides for the procedure promulgation of code of conduct for NGOs. A special bill supplement of the NGOs Bill was passed in the parliament on the 13th of November 2002. It happens that most stakeholders had been involved in the preparation of the bill.

3.13 Mushrooms NGOs and the support to HIV/AIDS
The debates had been raised due to fact that NGOs in Tanzania have mushroomed so fast, and this has caused mistrust on the NGOs. Moreover, it was felt that some NGOs seem to have lost focus. Tanzanians are wondering what a large numbers of NGOs are doing in regards to development. The Tanzanian daily newspaper, the guardian of 14th November 2002, cites examples of NGOs actions that have performed contrary to their constitutions. Many examples of such acts were given by the parliamentarians during the debates in the parliament. For example, a case was cited whereby a person whose NGO was given 20m US dollars, had deposited the money into his personal account. Another case was said to have happened in certain region in Tanzania whereby members of an NGO, which deals with Ant-HIV/AIDS campaigns, were given 28 million Tanzania shillings but spent only 5 million and the rest was pocketed. It is this kind of NGOs that the Tanzanian government has decided to deal with. The parliamentarians also mentioned that there were some NGOs that involve themselves in politicking in their respective constituencies.

3.14 Typical Examples of CSOs and NGOs in Tanzania
USAID supported the private sectors, commercial, Non- commercial, and Faith based organizations dealing with HIV/AIDS projects. Tanzania undertook a major review of the country’s development strategy in 1986 and stated the process of building a liberalized free market economy. The Tanzania Development vision 2025 government planning document spells out a long-term development policy. The Government of Tanzania (GOT) has embarked on an ambitious plan to implement several key HIV/AIDS intervention and has developed documents that guide in that process such as the national Health Sector HIV/AIDS intervention and has developed documents that guide in that process such as the National Health Sector HIV/AIDS strategy that describes key programs in Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT), Home Based Care (HBC) and services to Orphans. The National Care and Treatment to provide treatment to 440,000 People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) all the planned activities involved other private sectors including CSOs and NGOs.

3.15 Report and Evaluation of the Programs conducted by CO and NGOs
3.16 Performance and results obtained:-
AMREF successfully increased demand for HIV testing by promoting communication between adults and youth. Fourteen VCT sites served 45,369 clients during period July 2002 – June 2003.In Zanzibar over 4,200 individuals were test at USAID – funded VCT sites. Condom scales of 27.5 million exceeded target by two million. Couple years of protection were estimated at 1.5 million.
The RFE/ HIV/AIDS attracted $ 3.25 million from 8 donors, and made awards to 11 NGO’s .John Snow International DELIVER project strengthened the integrated logistics system and through drug stock-out surveys, identified logistics priorities for PMTCT. PEPFAR. USAID led the donor sub-committee providing technical guidance to MOH for formulating of the health sector HIV/ AIDS activities. The total of 32 partnership committees awarded 184 grants to community groups for RCH and HIV/ AIDS activities. Immunization for measles and polio and vitamin A supplementation covered 80% of target population. By the end of the strategy, stronger national systems were supported improved and decentralized delivery of health and HIV/ AIDS services, including the public- private partnership.

3 17 Involvement of NGOs in HIV.AIDS intervention
USAIDS allocated a total of $ 100,000 (DA) from democracy, conflicts and humanitarian assistance 2000-2005 budget for advocacy for improved NGO legislation. USAID continued to work with key NGOs for the environment and HIV/AIDS sectors. For the Implementation of NGOs legislation ($ 40,000 DA) Depending on the outcome of proposed amendments to the existing NGOs law. USAID facilitated fair, equitable and competent implementation of the revised law governing the NGO community. Partnerships between government and NGO’s for environment and HIV/AIDS sectors continue to mature USAIDS integrated the strategies plan project covers (2005 – 2014)

3.18 Achievements of the program
Mission- supported reproductive health activities have been focused on the following;
Increasing contraceptive acceptance. Improving the health and well being of both women and children through birth spacing of at least 2 years. Making planning services to all who need it. Targeting family life educator programs and family planning towards men as well as women.-family planning/ maternal and child health Components of the program include increases in couple years of protection up to 1.5 million in 2003.
USAIDS/ Tanzania have repeatedly met its target of 80% of children receiving vitamin A, supplementation and tetanus inoculation. The mission supported introduction of intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) of malaria in pregnancy went national wide in under 2 years, coverage increased from 29% in 2001 to 65% in 2003.
USAIDS is recognized as Tanzania’s major donor for family planning and a leading for maternal and child health; UNICEF, who had a number of donors also plays a substantial role through their support of a basket funding mechanism.
USAID/ Tanzania has comparative advantage in a number of important areas, including the ability to target assistance outside the basket of history of successful partnerships with non-governmental organization strategic planning logistics management. Contraceptive
Security and training and capacity building.

3.19 Key achievement for HIV/AIDS Programs
USAIDS/ Tanzania’s supported HIV/ AIDS programs, and had a significant impact on policy and leadership issues as the government has transitioned from health response to the epidemic. The mission spearheaded the creation of several innovative, multi-donor funding mechanisms to support public- voluntarily partnerships in HIV/ AIDS including rapid funding envelope (RFE) which is streamlined mechanism for providing funds to local organization involved in the HIV/ AIDS response. The mission has also maintained a high profile as an engaged poor donor partner committed to harmonization and coordination. The mission has been heavily involved in decentralizing service delivery to the district level in the line with national decentralization polices.
In 2003, USAID/ Tanzania launched The Prevention from Mother to Child HIV Transmission (PMTCT).This is an International Preventive program initiated by the Us with the collaboration with Disease Control and Prevention Program (CDC) under the under the leadership of the Ministry of the health.

3.20 USAID/ Expectations/ the way forward
Under the president’s emergency plan, USAIDS/ Tanzania is expected to reduce the number of new infections, particularly among the youth; 2nd, the increase of the number of people living with HIV/ AIDS who are accessing care and treatment services. 3rd, increase the number of orphaned or vulnerable children who have accessed to social and economic support. The intermediate results in the missions proposed results to framework of HIV/ AIDS includes a range of activities considered essential for achieving the plan’s targets. Given the dynamic nature of the epidemic and its impact, the intermediate results are necessarily broad. USAIDS anticipates the technical improvement in the response as dramatic as those which have occurred in the past 5 years (1999-2004) will also occur over the next 10 years (2005-2014) which could have a significant impact on the mission’s strategic and tactical approaches. As a result, in planning for 2005-2014. USAID/ Tanzania have chosen flexible approaches that will allow the mission to adjust to changes in the country’s epidemic and its response (TMHRC).
Therefore, USAIDS/ Tanzania has achieved much on the previous program conducted from 1999-2004. Before the scaling- up HIV/ AIDS services. USAIDS/ Tanzania projects, the summary of the programs, implementation, education, and reports.
Therefore, USAIDS/ Tanzania has achieved much on the previous HIV/ AIDS programs conducted from 1999-2004, before the scaling-up phase (2005-2014). USAID/ Tanzania’s mission gained experience which was used as a baseline on scaling up the HIV/ AIDS services in Tanzania.




3.22 ISHI COMPAIGN PROJECT FUNDED BY USAIDS
ISHI, “LIVE” in Kiswahili, was an HIV and AIDS behavior change communication campaign for young men and women in Dar-Es-Salaam that was inspired by the World AIDS Day 2000 theme; men make a difference. The primary intended audience of the campaign in – and – out of school youth ages 15-19. The campaign’s overall objective was to increase the number of youth aged 15-19 who believe that they are a personal risk of contracting HIV/ AIDS. The initial phase is planned for November 2001 to February 2002 with the hope that lessons learned during this period will provide the spring board for a sustained nationwide campaign reaching young people through media and community level activities that appeal to them.
In Tanzania, 56% of boys have had sex by the time they are 19 while 52% of girls aged 15-19 are sexually active. Although levels of awareness about transmission and preventive measures against HIV/ AIDS is high, the majority of youth believe that they are at no risk of HIV infection and continue to practice unsafe sex with only 5.4 % of boys and 6.3% of girls believing they are at personal risk. Among 15-19 old boys, 84 % have never tried a condom. For 15-19 old girls, only 18% report having used a condom.
The key message of the fist phase of the campaign was “wait or use Condom, you can’t tell by looking” ISHI was aimed to facilitate behavioral change among Youth. Through role plays. Platform shows, football marches, and the campaign targets youth through a wide variety of mutually reinforcing mass media and community level activities
ISHI evaluation was carried out by the end of 2002, where by both quantitative and qualitative methods of collecting data were used, there is highly increase of awareness among the youth in urban and moderate in rural area. Increased knowledge about HIV transmission and strategies to avoid infection, an increased perception of personal risk and an increase motivation to seek out HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing. (Ishi Campaign in Tanzania, 2002 report)


4.0 POLICY REVIEW
4.1 CSOs and NGOs inclusion in Tanzania Policies.
Tanzania adopted a National Poverty Eradication Strategy (NPES) in June 1998 the basis of which was to encourage community based anti-poverty efforts with the support of government, donors and NGOs. The aim is to reduce absolute poverty by half by 2010 and to eliminate it entirely by 2025. The baseline on which Tanzania will measure its progress comes from the UNDPs Human Poverty Index that measures areas such as people’s vulnerability to early death, access to education and health services as well as distribution of income. The poverty eradication strategy is being coordinated through the Vice-President’s office by means of a committee representing Ministries, donors, NGOs and the private sector. All policies and programs are to be evaluated from anti-poverty perspectives through this system. All local government development plans are also now much more focused on poverty alleviation in principle. There are many local Civil Society Organization (CSOs), self – help groups and cooperatives in operation all of whom are hoping to work towards alleviating the poverty in which they find themselves. they are directly tackling issues ranging from HIV to income generation and micro- credit. As government decentralized more of its power to the local level, these CSOs will become increasingly important partners for the implementation of poverty reduction plans.

4.2 The decision making policy
The Tanzania Government should be congratulated for opening up our system of local governance to community involvement of Civil Society organization for creating many more opportunities for people to have a say or over services in their area are run. The main challenge is how to make most of what we have got through the CSOs and NGOs such as in health and education through policies and practices which will liberate more people from poverty and for among the community members to be committed to be agents of social change.

4.3 The community development policy
The community development policy gives guidance on how communities will be helped to build their capacity to implement their responsibilities. The policy also states clearly the responsibilities of different concerned parties in speeding up community development in the country. The major objective of the Community Development policy is to enable Tanzanians as an individuals or in their families and /or groups or associations such as CSOs and NGOs to contribute more to the government objectives of self reliance and therefore bring about development at all levels and finally have a remarkable national growth.
Poverty reduction Policy as explained in PRSP the government of Tanzania there are several policies related to women development and HIV prevention e.g. Health policy (1990) in Tanzania, its main objective is to improve the health and well-being of all Tanzanians, with a focus on those on most at risk and to encourage the health system to be more responsive to the need of the people.. Reduce infant maternal morbidity and increase the expectancy through the provision of education and equitable and child health services promotion and adequate nutrition, control of communicable diseases and treatment of common conditions.
CSOs and NGOs should contribute to implement the policies and fulfill the National vision
5.0 MY OWN DISCUSION
5.1 CSOs and NGOs in Tanzania
Decentralization has brought problems, but the principle should help to increase civic responsibility and thus curb the ever present force of corruption. The government’s commitment to the National Poverty Eradication Strategy show that it takes the issue of poverty seriously even through the targets may be somewhat unrealistic. Donor dependency syndrome, affects all the communities depends totally to donors. The way in which financial resources are channeled to CSOs and the subsequent donor- CSO relationship is often a major constraint on CSO capacity and success in development. The CSOs and NGOs should plan for sustainability of the planning from the first stage of the project cycle. The dependency on donor funding entails substantial risk to CSOs identity and autonomy can undermine the CSOs autonomy to advocate against policies that are unpopular with government with other donors. The performance of CSO donor relationship risk imposing, imported foreign models on CSOs and NGOs.
For sustainable development and good governance in Tanzania need to take proactive actions to protect the freedom of association and expression of civil societies the amendment of law was introduced in order to restrict the freedom and rights of NGOs and Civil Society to advocate and monitor the country activities. The freedom of information will help to ensure the transparency and accountability.

6.0 CONCLUSION
The need for the development and poverty reduction is crucial and hence it needs multisectoral approach, where by the Government and other stakeholders such as Civil Society and Non Governmental Organization should be involved The urgent need for the development assistance community to voice its concern about the status and rights of NGOs in Tanzania, such as the newly established NGO department in the Office of the Vice-President.



7.0 REFERENCES.
1. Cambodian Civil Society Forum on Aid (March 13/ 2007) USAID funding to organizations promoting Legislation, Cambodia, Phnom Penh.

2. CED For Immediate Release (April 2006) Committee for Economic Development, Civil Society and the Market

3. Citizen Participation in CED,( 2007) CED training Guide for Volunteers, Coordinating the Public, Private, and community Sectors
4. Civil Education Teachers Association (CETA) association Journal, Gender issues in Tanzania. Connection Gender equality

5. CIPE (2007) The role of business Associations, Civil Society and Media in addressing corruption. Romania.

6. Christian Social Services Commission, Experience of Church Health Institution on the Allocation of Health Basket Grants .CSSC, Upanga Road Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

7. Faith- Based Organizations (August 2007) in Community Development (IDR) US Department of Housing and Urban Development

8. Harris , P (2004) Perspective and Recommendation for USAD/Tanzania on Community- Based Distribution Programs. HIV/AIDS Prevention Measures. Tanzania

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10.http://www.tanzania.go.tz//gender.httmlii/21/2007 http//www.ical.org/knowledge/ijnl/volmiss/special3rhttm 1/2/2008

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NEEMA WELLU NSALLUMsc. CED