COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAM
ICD 533 PRINCIPLES & PRACTICLES OF DEVELOPMENT
SEPT 2007 ASSIGNMENT
RESEARCH PAPER


WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT
&
REDUCING VULNERABILITY OF YOUNG WOMEN TO HIV/AIDS



TUTOR’S NAME: DR SINDA HUSSEN SINDA
STUDENT’S NAME: NEEMA WELLU NSALLU ( ID No 728177).
DSM class (attended in Arusha)




SUBMITTED IN NOVEMBER, 2007

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION.--------------------------------------------------------------------------4

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW -----------------------------------------------------------------4
2.1 Women development v/s HIV/AIDS.-------------------------------------------5
2.1.1 Women Economic growth key players-------------------------------------5
2.1.2 Countries HIV/ AIDS profile.-----------------------------------------------5
. 2.1.3 Age and sex prevalence of infections, in Tanzania.----------------------7
2.1.4 Adolescents as the group more effected with the AIDS impact.-----8
2.1.5 Poverty as the primary cause of HIV infections-----------------------8.

3 ROLES OF WOMEN IN TANZANIA TOWARD ECONOMIC INCLUSION-----9.
3.1 Tanzania women are the key players in economic growth.----------------------9
3.2 Micro- enterprises contribution to women’s employment-----------------------9.
3.3 Micro- enterprises in CED context.------------------------------------------------10
3.4 Sustainable model for CED--------------------------------------------------------11.
3.5 Financial institutions and credit union for women development.-------------12
3.6 Reciprocity concept of CED.------------------------------------------------------13
3.7 Market creation for the products--------------------------------------------------14

4 Government infinities to represent women in Tanzania--------------------------------15.
4.1 SACCOS, saving and credit cooperatives----------------------------------------15.
4.2 SACCOS in Tanzania improved the lives of families.--------------------------15
4.3 Involvement of young women in micro- enterprises----------------------------16.
4.4 Improve women access to education, training and empowerment.-----------17
4.5 Gender equity and equality for development and poverty eradication.-------18

5 POLICIES RELATED TO WOMEN DEVELOPMENT.------------------------------18
6 CONCLUSION.------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
REFFERENCES--------------------------------------------------------------------------------20

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

HIV - Human Immune Deficiency Virus
AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
STIs - Sexual Transmitted Infections
NACP - National AIDS Control Program
TACAIDS - Tanzania Commission for AIDS
USAID - United States Agency International Development
UPE - Universal Primary Education
CBO - Community Based Organizations
GDP - Gross Domestic Products
NGOs - Non- Governmental Organizations
CED - Community Economic Development
SACCOS - Saving and Credit Cooperatives
MDGs - Millennium Development Goals
PRS - Poverty Reduction Strategy
WID - Women in Development













1.0 INTRODUCTION
This paper is comprised of the overview of women development in the context of reduction of vulnerability of Young women toward HIV/AIDS Infections in Tanzania developing women is one of the Global strategies toward Poverty reduction.
2,0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 WOMEN DEVELOPMENT Vs HIV/AIDS INFECTION
Women Development goes hand with hand with the strategies of elimination of all forms of violence against women based on international human rights. Sustainable Development Program advocate for the inclusion of gender perceptive, and women empowerment. So we can not separate women development and Gender, all dealing with women survival and access to recourses in all levels from household to the communities. The economic and Justine program advocate for gender equity, equitable economic growth and human rights in Macro economic decision making in Global and country level implementation. (USAIDS women in development) The US agency in Development assistance that improves the lives of women, men, children around the world, USAIDS has a special interest in the advancement of women’s equality and empowerment, this is necessary for successful development. Women are key players for development.
USAIDS supports the programs in democracy and legal reform, girl’s education, maternal and child health and economic growth improves the status of women and enhances their opportunities, e.g. USAIDS has a specific focus on girls’ education in 67% to its basic education programs. 70% of the 1.3 billion people living in poverty around the world are women and children. 2/3 of the 978 Million illiterate world wide women.
Two thirds of the 125 million of school-aged children who don’t attend school world-wide are girls, or are less likely to complete school than boys. Every day 1,600 women die needlessly during pregnancy and childhood.

2.1.1 Women’s Economic Growth key players
Throughout developing world women are vitally economic players, representing a larger percentage of the workforce than ever before. Over 800 million women are economically active world wide, undertaking critical roles in industry, agriculture, manufacturing and services, and as producers, traders, and owners and operators of micro and small enterprises. Limited access do physical and financial resources insufficient and an absence of labour saving technologies seriously contain

2.1.2 Country HIV/AIDS Profile
US Agency for International Development, Bureau for Grid health report provided country profile on HIV/AIDS as follows: Since the first 3 AIDS cases were reported in Tanzania in 1983, the epidemic has spread an alarming pace. HIV infection in Tanzania is contracted primary through unprotected sexual intercourse, and infection may be exacerbated by high level so of sexually transmitted infection in the population.
According to UNAIDS, at the end of 2001, more than 1.3 million people were living with HIV/AIDS and approximately 800,000 children under 15 had lost one or both parent to AIDS.

Estimated umber of Adult (15 above living with HIV/AIDS) ends 2002


2,299,70
Total of population (2000)

34,600,000
Adult HIV Prevalence ( end 2000)

11%
HIV – 1 Seroprevalence in urban areas:
Population most at risk (commercial sex workers and clients, parents with a sexually transmitted infection, or other persons with known risk factors.

Population least at risk (pregnant women, blood donors, or other persons with no known risk factors.


46.0%



12.2%

HIV/AIDS affects Tanzania young particularly young adult aged 15 to 24 accounts for 60% of new infection, while comprising only 20% of the population. Girls are particularly vulnerable for both biological and social reasons. More than 10 percent of sexually active girls granting sexual favors in an effort to meet their basic daily needs.

Between 1990 and 2010, AIDS is expected to increase the death rate in Tanzania by more than one – half and life expectancy will drop from 65 years to 37 years during that time due to the effects of HIV/AIDS. The already high infant mortality rate is expected to increase as well. According to UNAIDS, 50,000 to 60,000 Tanzania children are born HIV positive every years. (Tanzania HIV/AIDS indicator Survey, 2003-2004)
HIV/AIDS in Tanzania is generally considered a generalized epidemic, posing risks for nearly all regions or segments of society.
Reports: (surveillance of HIV and syphilis among Antedated clinics Enrollees 2001 – 2002) nearly 9.6 among antennal attendees. Also 11% among Blood donors Zanzibar (Nation AIDS control Program surveillance report No. 16 ministry of Health Tanzania.
In the most vulnerable population, including youth’s women, children, also the urban sex workers and their clients and persons with sexually transmitted diseases. UNAIDS estimated that prevalence 46% nearly one out of every 2 person in these vulnerable population. Details seroprevalence studies compiled by the census Bureau HIV/AIDS surveillance Database similar findings.

2.1.3 Age and sex prevalence of HIV infections, in Tanzania
Evidence from Tanzania reveals worrying health indicators health particularly for women, adolescent mothers, and children. Most of adolcents and mothers at 18 years of years of age. Women’s life expectancy it, at 44 years (Men= 43). Presently HIV infection of the most productive age in Tanzania. The productive sectors are experiencing a loss of skilled labor, increasing costs for recruitment and benefits, and reducing productivity. Of particular concern are different HIV prevalence rates for young men women aged 15-24 in Tanzania. UNAIDS data for 2001 indicate that HIV prevalence is twice as much 15-24 (9.7%) compared to male of the same age (4.3%) and trend appear to have worsened slightly for young women, but not for young men, over the period 1999- 2001. The rate of infection among female aged 15-24 has always been compared with males of the same e.g. but trend of infection is decreasing among all age group. The data suggest that it is essential for Tanzania to address the core gender dimension of HIV/AIDS namely that (1) risk factors and vulnerability are substantially different for men and for women as is most evident in the significant age and sex differentiated HIV prevalence rates and the reported cases- which has implications for strategies to contain overall prevalence in Tanzania and for low and to whom AIDS prevention activities are directed. (ii) The impact of HIV/ AIDS differs along gender lines which have implications for care, treatment, and coping mechanisms, including addressing the needs of AIDS orphans, and (iii) tackling the AIDS pandemic is fundamentally about behavior change which essentially means effecting a transformation of gender roles and relations.

2.1.4 Adolescents as the group more affected with AIDS impact.
In Tanzania, the population, a Health and Nutrition infection Projects indicates that the peak age group of infected females is 25-29 years old group. There are important social- economic differences in knowledge of HIV/AIDS data provide an interesting comparison of Tanzania with Uganda and Zambia. The knowledge among Young women in Tanzania tends to be lower in all quintiles compared with Uganda and Zambia, an issue which needs to be tackled. Studies provide evidence of the increasing number of households that are headed by teenagers and the increasing burden on single mothers and orphans resulting from the death of both parents due to HIV/ AIDS. One study in Tanzania reveals that one-third of youths who are 10-14 years old live in household headed by someone other than a parent. Around half of adolescents 10-14 years old in Tanzania live with parents and almost one-quarter live with neither parent. The adolescents living with one parent are approximately twice as likely to those live only with their mother as with only their father and about one fifth of adolescent’s ages 10-19 live in female headed households.

2,1.5 Poverty as the primary cause of HIV infections
Eradication of Poverty and hunger by 2015 is a Millennium Development Goal, In addition to broader approaches, the Sach Report (for the UN Millennium Project)
Diseases specifically diseases of Poverty, AIDS, Malaria and Tuberculosis and others, overwhelmingly afflict developing nations, which perpetuate poverty by diverting individual, community, and national health and economic resources from investment and productivity. On the other hand the Poverty has facilitated the transmission of HIV mostly among young women who sometimes engage themselves in commercial sex activities as part of their income generating activity. Such practices have put girls and women at greater risks of contacting HIV/AIDS and other Sexual Transmitted Infectious (STI), Sexual harassment assault and domestic violence. The discriminatory legislation and legal framework to implement lady justice and recommendation on the Law related to women, and review sections of the constitution relating discrimination was included in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) and included in our National Policies.
The impact of HIV AIDS has affected reduced the Poverty reduction strategies e.g. The time constraints facing women have been magnified by HIV AIDS pandemic is burdens of care and coping which fall on them. This has impact in transformation and production. In order to improve the economic opportunities for the poor. There is need of building human capital and empowering the poor to participate in development strategy and activities. (Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, 2002)

3,0 ROLES OF WOMEN IN TANZANIA TOWARD ECONOMIC INCLUSION
3.1Tanzania women are the key players in economic growth.
Throughout developing world women are vitally economic players, representing a larger percentage of the workforce than ever before. Over 800 million women are economically active world wide, undertaking leading roles in industry such as agriculture, manufacturing and services, and as producers, traders, and owners and operators of macro and small enterprises but they have limited access to physical and financial resources, insufficient and absence of labour saving technologies seriously constrain the ability of women to effectively participate in economic growth.

The Tanzania economic dependent on agriculture, which comprises 45 percent of GDP 75 percent of exports, and 80 percent of employment. Industry and services represent respectively, 17 percent and 38 percent of GDP. Agriculture is an important source of employment for 84 percent of economically active women and 80 percent of economically active men. The structural roles of men and women in agriculture cycle reveals that women are more active in agriculture than men, specifically in food crop production, marketing and processing of agricultural products (90%).(Tanzania strategic gender assessment, 2004)
Entrepreneurial and small business activity is a critical part of economy, yet it is often the least understood. Almost two-thirds of all jobs in an economy are with firms that employ fewer than 100 employees; and these firms account for more than 95% of all firms in any economy. Micro-enterprises, defined as firms with fewer than 5 employees, account for about 21% of total employment. Additionally, many individuals operate enterprises on a part-time basis—either as the first step in establishing an emerging business or as a means of supplementing household earnings. Most of women both in urban and rural area have involved themselves in small business to raise the household economic... This directly and indirectly generates jobs and income (A framework for measuring the progress of developing local communities, 1997
3,2 Mico enterprises contribution to women employment.
This is baseline analysis of the micro-enterprise business segment. In order explore the contribution of Micro-enterprise to the individual and National economy. The micro-enterprise business segment and employment analysis in let say industry will be very useful to identify the needs of, and issues facing, these firms and micro-enterprise development practitioners. There are a variety of micro-enterprise definitions, most of which state that these firms employ a maximum of 5 to 10 workers and have limited access to capital, the Micro-enterprise Development Act. The bill states that a micro-enterprise is “a sole proprietorship, partnership, limited liability company, or corporation that has fewer than five employees and generally lacks access to conventional loans, equity, or other banking services
Micro-enterprises are important to both rural and urban parts; most of micro enterprises provide more than 30% of the total jobs in the developing Countries. In rank order, the industries with the largest number of micro enterprises are Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services; Construction; Retail Trade; Consumer and Personal (Other) Services.

3.3 Micro-enterprises in CED context.
The idea of Community Economic Development (CED) of based thinking is the idea of Social Capital an idea encompasses community resolve and self- reliance as equitable to monetary capital. The logical behind social capital in that if a community has strong sense of collectively and duty to each other, they will less dependent on handouts and more and more open to find ways in which to address their problems for common wealth of their community.(Small enterprise development,1999)
The appeal of CED thinking has allowed people and communities, the World over to rethink their conception of development and doing so redefine there understanding of economic in the process.
The universities expected to inspire the hosts i.e. communities to recognize the assert they have with within themselves and more away financial dependency on convenient sources of finding CED’s away from purely academic discipline reinforces the productivity of its method.
In practice the social capital could be illustrated by enterprises which are non profit for example the enterprises which provide Health services with an opportunity to contribute in the market economic and develop a sense of pride and accomplishment as result. E.g. the psychiatric Health care unity has the opportunity to make desks for the children with disabilities. The ethic behind of this organization and its spirit of practice can be seen as social enterprises. Since it is equipped to contribute too positively to the betterment of the organization survival while making a profit and ensuring the contribution of such a venture. Such an enterprises function under the CED philosophy of CED. Their enterprise attempt to take some measure of control over the local economy back from the market and the state to provide how people can have a place within the Market economy rather than been seen as a burden to the public health care system, employment, opportunities favor well in contributing to one’s well being, and example of CED with such enterprises has offered reflects the impact of cooperation and collective goals in facilitating a shift toward economic self-reliance. Development in a sense can lead to empowerment and self- determination of even the most improbable groups.

3.4 Sustainable model for CED
A natural resource based community with local income from sources such as fishing, contributed at large to the fish processing industry, the fish stock has finally depleted and the community thrown into the state of uncertainty of how to restructure the economy, the lesson leant is that the restructuring favors the economic of the community and individual self reliance rather than independence on a cooperation which could easily give up and leave the community like before.
In this way the community has developed itself into a model of sustainability exhibiting all the dynamic and creative facets that encompass collaborative and communal problems solving. The community through CED can utilize the local heritage machine or fishing process instead of depending to the foreign based industries. All their initiatives couldn’t have reason without undergoing the dialogue within the community and rethink of development which allowed for such creating to flourish in the first phase.
CED can make a positive impact among community of people who under the conventional development might be looked upon as a lost cause. The stakeholders, Communities inspire faith in themselves and each other, for the purpose of developing their enterprises. They accepted their marginalized positions rather than waiting around for the state to administer the situation, the groups taken it upon them to figure out what they can do to better situations, and doing in doing so create a meaningful future for all the stakeholders in their communities. In this way does CED have the potential to economic of the most disadvantaged groups. CED also has practical applications among the make economically advantaged of group as well. Some of which merely exist as measure to prevent the convectional market from changing unreasonable prices for goods or services. More so than not applications of CED among relatively wall of communities usually tae a form of a social enterprise.

In this way a CED mindset is utilized to provide a service which the convectional market already provides, only cheaper and in such a way that profit is returned to both stakeholders of producers and consumers.

3.5 Financial Institutions & credit union for women development
The credit unions are privileged in terms of community engagement and social responsibility. Like most regular financial institutions. The credit unions structure implies that every customers , is an equal stakeholder, and has an equal opportunity to contribute to proceedings of business activities members can even run for a position on the board of directors if they so choose, such a possibility reinforces the ration of local control as tantamount to community self- reliance.
The beauty of credit unions is that money does not have to be directed through trans-national channels and into area of huge economic activity, rather, money remain in community and can be borrowed by members for purpose of starting up small enterprises, which will in turn provide a beneficial carrier for the community development, not just because money likely used to finance activities designed to service the less fortunate of that community.
CED projects yet in the essence of its enterprising model can have a greater impact on stakeholder communities. Although it has been argued that the cooperative involvement and CED movement are separate and independent how-to to business in order to be highly institutional in some forms, their main purpose consider with that of CED to democratize the economy and the form new business responsive to human needs.
The essence of CED thinking is interested in cooperative model, various services such as housing, employment, health care and financial services are all valued commodities which cooperatives have addressed as too important for market forms to deliver.
Rather than just providing services in a more people friendly way, the cooperative in a more people friendly way, the co-operative model of business activity promotes feeding, profit back into the communities they sense in this way, cooperatives strengthen a community’s resources by directly the contributing to community development initiatives, providing services and a lower cost than huge cooperatives, and by ensuring that money stays within a community. It is important to realize the impact that CED thinking has and the way a community develops, because in the end it enable a world difference.

3.6 Reciprocity concept of CED
The reciprocity is, in assure the understanding that one’s contribution will be rapid, this kind of thinking is based both an acknowledging market while stressing the importance of long term relationship rather than singular conducive transactions.
The concept of reciprocity recognizes the limitations of the World’s various activities in a narrow market perspective, it promotes, cooperation over competition and as such as signifies a rethinking of development both in theory and in practice. If business operate with reciprocity in mind, communities ultimately benefit from promotion of trust and interdependent among the community members. The edge of competition gives a certain business is practically not existent, and the goals and aspirations of community would take precedence over global market forces.
Reciprocity foster a mentality of empathy and consideration within the community, leading towards a more engaging level of social development as a result
Dr. Zamagai argues that the idea of ideal institution for reciprocal relationship is within cooperatives, this is the mostly to their trust based style of business practice. Cooperatives embody some commitment which is incumbent of a reciprocal relationship, they are merely one node within a broader cooperative network, and as such they are compelled to work with one another to ensure the commonwealth of the community.

3.7 Market creation for the products
Most of women who involve themselves in small business face the problem of market.
The market creation approach to Community Economic Development is a strategy which combines two aims, and these are supply to the people useful and affordable products with high poverty alleviation, and to create a viable business as a private business channel. In development cooperation, other approaches are also dealing with opening markets, but are quite different: Need- based product development for products with a high return to investment. The promotion of marketing of these products, so that can learn about their existence. The creation of market for those products to the extent that becomes viable for the private sector to deliver these products as a business.
The creation of market for products which are useful in the poor and allow them to get out of poverty trap (Poverty alleviation as a business, 2000) through women mobilization and training which are usually conducted Micro finance institutions are very helpful to women who try their level best to get out the poverty bondages.

EMPIRICAL REVIEW
4.0 Government infinitives to develop women in Tanzania
Women Development has been well improved in Tanzania with the help of financial sectors. The financial Institution is playing an important role in Tanzania’s economic progress. Although the Financial failures, particularly insufficient institutions and high transaction costs limit poor people’s access to formal finance and prevent low income people from borrowing, and saving. The importance of mobilizing savings is providing low-income people financial services in Tanzania are emphasized by the Government. Women are encouraged to use this program as part as means of Poverty reduction (Bigste, A; Danielson, A, 2003). The saving rate is too low in the country. This is made through calculating the marginal product of capital, using estimates from a simple linear regression in a Cobb-Douglas production function. Results obtained show a very low marginal product of capital. The outcome is remarkable since Tanzania has a very low capital stock and a low level of national savings and investments. This can be explained by the difficulties in estimating correct input variables.

4.1 SACCOS, Saving and Credit Cooperatives
Is an alternative to formal banks and a way to increase savings. SACCOS-members preferences are studied. Initially information about the members was gathered through a questionnaire. Further on a Multinomial Logic model is used to illustrate what influences member’s preferences, where the most significant explanatory variable is income. The result implies that high liquidity and a profitable interest rate is most important for wanting to increase savings. Concerning higher safety in SACCOS.
Developing and improving occupational SACCOS, saving and credit cooperatives, can be one effective alternative to formal banks. The safety-issue is the basic problem, where education plays an important role to improve security. With improvements SACCOS could in the long run function as a way to connect informal savings with the formal financial sector.

4.2 SACCOS in Tanzania improved the lives of families
Tanzania has a poorly developed financial sector and its financial structure can be
Described as dualistic, with a formal- and an informal sector. Very few people in
Tanzania has access to the financial services offered by the formal financial sector.
Formal banking institutions are located primarily in the urban areas, offering services
To a small wealthier part of the population. Hence the great majority of the population
Have to turn to the informal sector for saving and/ or borrowing. (SACCOS) The informal sector have helped many people in rural area, even the Young girls who has no income have been able to join SACCOS with minimal capital.
The informal sector includes a variety of saving methods, but none of them are particularly safe. At present though the informal financial sector is a vital part of Tanzania’s economy. The potential for financial development as an instrument for economic development is greatly undersized as long as financial services are failing in reaching the majority of the population with a lower income, often resided in the rural areas. Many growth models assume that savings is an important component for growth and Development. The idea is that capital accumulation increases growth, and to
accumulate capital there is need for increased savings. Thus enabling saving services
To the people and further on mobilizing savings is presumably an important element in
Tanzania’s development. Savings enables investments, which on a micro level can
Improve people’s livelihood, and ultimately on a macro level is likely to result in
Economic growth.
The conventional understanding of savings as income surplus after consumption has
Led to the view that low income people in general do not save, even if studies have
Shown that even the poorest individuals have savings that could be mobilized given
The right incentives. Consequences from these conventional believes are unsuitable
Financial products for low-income people and exclusion from primarily formal
Financial services. This problem underlines the importance of developing financial institutions appropriate for people with low income.
An interesting alternative to formal banking that has emerged within a semiformal
Sector is saving- and Credit Cooperatives (SACCOS). SACCOS has a wide outreach
In Tanzania. They are member driven and democratically organized. (Wright. G, 1999)

4.3 Involvement of young women in micro- enterprises
Tanzania has encouraging the young women to participate fully in micro-enterprises and other development activities. For examples the Internship Program for young women, 2007 is especially seeking four young women aged 20-30 years to join the 2007 Internship Program. The program encourages Women Entrepreneurs to be Advocates for HIV/AIDS Prevention, care and support throughout Tanzania, Tanzania Development Gateway- E- Women Networking 2002). A group of more than 200 women entrepreneurs from different places of Tanzania gathered on June 26-27 2003 for an annual workshop hosted by the former first lady of Tanzania Mrs. Anna Mkapa, in Dar-es salaam. The theme of the year was” Equal opportunities for All Trust on HIV/AIDS awareness,” the 200 women were all beneficiaries of Trust funds, and most were the rural women, who received training, micro- credit, small grants, and start up supplies from the fund so that they can start their own small businesses and become financial independent.
Through different sources of fund the young women has been involved in income generating activities to enable them to be more independent, access to their own resources and hence they contribute to the individual, National and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The improved standard of lives of young women and men enhance decrease of HIV/AIDS infections.

.4.4 Improve women access to education, training and empowerment
Education is the key to Liberation and an important tool to alleviate social- economic problems. Women face numerous constraints to access education and training at all levels. The problem include the unfriendly teaching methods, e.g. teaching mathematics, technical and science subjects,, girls often lack Truancy pregnancy, economic hardships and early marriages constrain, girls from completing other schooling. Existing social attitudes favor and promote boys education and pay less interest in girl’s education.
The Government of Tanzanians committed to increase women access to education in order to narrow the gap between boys and girls in primary schools is 50 percent, in secondary schools girls are 46 percent of total enrolment. Less and less girls reenrolled in higher learning institutions, at university girls are 17 percent of the total enrolment. The major constrains facing women in gainful employment is low education inadequate economically productive skills. (Tanzania National website, 2007)
The focus of government of Tanzania has been to increase women enrolment into vocational, tertiary and high education. The student loan company offering student loan, Federal student Loan consolidation. (College finding, 2005). So young women who are schooling can be encouraged to continue schooling, while hose that are out of schools and colleges could be encouraged to attend different training for self employment, such as carpentry, tailoring, livestock, agriculture, and other hand works and small business.

4.5 Gender equity and equality for development and poverty eradication
Women and men have been found to enter the labour force to enter the labour force in different ways and on different terms, differences are found between women and men as well among different groups of women (rural- urban, rich- poor, educated – no educated) and men. Even kinds of works for women and men. This stimulate different the gender roles for men and female.
In Tanzania about 69 percent of women in Tanzania live in absolute poverty. This is a result of the increasing poverty among the urban population, the growing gap between the rich and poor. Women and men e.t.c. To overcome this situation the united Republic of Tanzania committed itself to enhance women’s economic capacity though making credit facilities available for a majority of women. Building and supporting women entrepreneurial skill, improving their management’s capacities, increased trainings and access to technology. The government has raised the number of women in Parliament to 30%. NGO’s for credit to women have increased since the 4th world Conference in Beijing. A number on NGO’s and donors agencies have made serious efforts to advance credit to women at the Village level. Women have been trained on credit management at general. These efforts have increased participation of women in income generating projects.
The Government has advised and urged private financial institution to give credit to women. More opportunities have been provided for entrepreneurial skills training and simple technology such us food processing and textiles. Most of the beneficiaries of the credit funds are urban based and the credit processing are cumbersome. The Government put extra effort so that women can take part in productive economic activities by way of credit facilitation.


5,0 POLICIES RELATED TO WOMEN DEVELOPMENT
There are several policies related to women development and HIV prevention e.g. Health policy ( 1990)in Tanzania , its main objective is to improve the health and well-being of all Tanzanians, with a focus on those on most at risk and to encourage the health system to be more responsive to the need of the people.. Reduce infant maternal morbidity and increase the expectancy through the provision of education and equitable and child health services promotion and adequate nutrition, control of communicable diseases and treatment of common conditions.
The other policy is the Agriculture Policy (1997) recognizes the need to improve and agriculture practices, to enhance the agriculture activities for higher productivity, labour technology, information system for information sharing such as Agriculture information and marketing of inputs and outputs. Should be encouraged.
Women Development policies include the Community Development Policy: his policy gives guidelines on how communities will be helped to build their capacity to implement their responsibilities. The policy and states clearly the responsibilities of different concerned parties in speeding up community development in the country. the major objectives of the policy is to enable Tanzanians as an individuals or the families or groups or associations to contribute more to the government objectives of self reliance and therefore bring about development at all levels have remarkable nation growth.
The child Development Policy: The development of a child is related to his/ her physical, moral, and spiritual growth. In order for child to grow well she/ he needs to be cared for given guidance and brought up in accordance with the norms of the community.
The Gender and Development Policy: Its overall objective is to promote gender equality and equal participation of men and women in economic, cultural, political matters. Also focuses on fairer opportunities for women and men and access to education, child, care, employment and decision making. Other related Policies include Education Policy, Land Policy and HIV/AIDS policy.

6,0 CONCLUSION
Young women are also the stakeholders for Development and Poverty reduction, Rather than being within reproductive age are also plays a big role in production, Any strategy of women development should not leave behind this unique group , regardless of their challenges they face such as financial resources for capital, lack of property rights due to their lower age, culture and traditional, lack of knowledge due to their low education level e.g. in the villages, poor technology e.t.c they should be encouraged to participate in all development activities such access of Credit and Loans for Income Generating Activities. The mention challenges put them off and are at high risk to contract HIV/AIDS infection due to dependence kind of life. Young women at high risk to HIV infections than men due to the Biological and social reasons, the reproductive health and life skills training should be conducted to the girls and well as boys in all levels to enable them to make well informed choices. The prevention strategies to the youths should be provided in a participatory way in order to be accepted and practiced. Access to preventive measures such as condoms, and other family planning devices should available and affordable. Protection of this group from HIV infection will reduce the number of orphans whose daily is increasing, left behind with their parents through HIV/AIDS. Reduction of HIV infection among Tanzanian will cope with The MDGs and the National Strategy toward Poverty Reduction.

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